Local Ecological Knowledge of Northern Thai Fish Farmers on Climate Change
This paper is a one page draft submission towards an article examining local ecological knowledge of inland fish farmers, of both cage and pond culture systems in Northern Thailand. Different local groups use ecological knowledge to understand climate-related problems that affect their aquaculture practices. As local communities are directly and most affected by disasters, they are more concerned about mitigation and adaptation than other stakeholders. Community-based disaster risk reduction that integrates both scientific and local knowledge systems could be a promising trend for climate disaster mitigation.
Autor(es) : Ganjanapan, Santita
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Impacts of floods and drought on fish cage culture in rivers
This article reviews evidence about the impacts from flooding and drought or low flows on fish cage culture in rivers in Thailand. Major floods damage cages, result in fish escapes and kill fish while low flow results in water depths too shallow for cages, increasing effective fish densities, which when combined with poor water circulation, leads to low dissolved low water quality. Floods and droughts are a significant source of financial losses. Farmers may be forced to oxygen concentrations and poor harvest carly sell fish at smaller-than-standard size and thus at a low price. Losses due to floods and droughts can be reduced by improving management of risks at farm and reach level.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Whangchai, Niwooti, Promya, Jongkon, Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Lebel, Louis
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The effect of temperature on the circulation of water in fish rearing ponds
Commercial ponds located in low altitudes face problems from climate variability, high temperatures, high ammonia content, alkaline water, and expensive costs to bring in electricity. Likewise, ponds in high altitudes must contend with oxygen and ammonia content, turbidity and suspended substances. Therefore, farmers with commercial ponds need to adjust their fish rearing methods to become more effective. For instance, reduce feed, and install water aerators in order to ensure a steady supply of oxygen. In this way, they curb the risks which can incur due to extreme weathers, and moreover, help build their skills so to better respond to climate variability in future.
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai
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Improving the effectiveness of risk communication for fish farming in the Nan river
Autor(es) : Pratumvan, Pawassada
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Tilapia culture in earthen pond [Thai language]
Autor(es) : Aquaculture Climate Change Project (AQUADAPT)
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Risk of impacts from extreme weather and climate in river-based tilapia cage culture in Northern Thailand
This paper analyses the direct impacts of extreme weather, high
and low flow events, seasonality and other climate-related phenomena on
river-based tilapia cage aquaculture in Northern Thailand. An interdisciplinary
approach was taken, which included analysis of secondary water flow and
meteorological data, quantitative and qualitative surveys of farmers’
experiences with extreme events, and direct observations during critical
periods. Findings show that extreme high and low flows adversely impact a
substantial fraction of farms, causing damage to cages, fish deaths, slow growth
and disease problems. Economic losses are significant and result in financial
debt. Compensation and assistance following floods is modest relative to
losses, and coverage is incomplete. Probability of extreme flows and impacts
vary among locations, are highly seasonal, and vary inter-annually. These
findings are important to improving management of climate-related risks, under
both current and future climatic conditions.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun
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How to rear Tilapia in earthen ponds
Part of the larger project AQUADAPT: Inland Aquaculture and Adaptation to Climate Change in Northern Thailand, this policy and practice brief provides instructions on how to prepare a fish pond or maintain an existing one, how to release juvenile fish into the pond, and how to manage the fish during the rearing stage.
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti
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How to rear Tilapia in earthen ponds
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti
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Risk management practices [Thai language]
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis
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Mobility as a Response for Fish Cage Farming Households in Northern Thailand to Multiple Risks in the Dry Season
In this study, in-depth, multiple-visit qualitative data was collected from 42 fish cage farming households along different reaches of the Ping River in Northern Thailand, to help better understand the multiple risks farmers face and the role of mobility in adaptive responses to dry season challenges in fish production. Extreme climate events, such as drought or floods, and socioeconomic stresses such as sharply increasing production costs or market collapses, are potential drivers of mobility, where community members migrate to outside labour markets. This is a draft submission (one-pager) towards a longer article / publication.
Autor(es) : Sin-ampol, Phaothai
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Effects of temperature on water turnover in earthen pond [Thai language]
Autor(es) : Aquaculture Climate Change Project (AQUADAPT)
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Risk of impacts from extreme weather and climate in river-based tilapia cage culture in Northern Thailand
This paper analyses the direct impacts of extreme weather, high and low flow events, seasonality and other climate-related phenomena on river-based tilapia cage aquaculture in Northern Thailand. An interdisciplinary approach was taken, which included analysis of secondary water flow and meteorological data, quantitative and qualitative surveys of farmers' experiences with extreme events, and direct observations during critical periods. Findings show that extreme high and low flows adversely impact a substantial fraction of farms, causing damage to cages, fish deaths, slow growth and disease problems. Economic losses are significant and result in financial debt. Compensation and assistance following floods is modest relative to losses, and coverage is incomplete. Probability of extreme flows and impacts vary among locations, are highly seasonal, and vary inter-annually. These findings are important to improving management of climate-related risks, under both current and future climatic conditions.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Lebel, Louis
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Assessment of risks and adaptation options for aquaculture
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis
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Risk Reduction and the Insurability of Aquaculture in a Variable and Changing Climate
This is a one-page draft towards a larger article, which evaluates the insurability of aquaculture in different culture systems in developing tropical countries. It evaluates and then expands a conventional insurance framework to include the enabling conditions and risk reduction measures that should exist for an insurance system to be sustainably developed.
Autor(es) : Kallayanamitra, Chalisa, Potapohn, Manoj, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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The role of middlemen networks and markets in responding to climate variability and extremes in the aquaculture sector in Northern Thailand
This is an incomplete draft submission (one-pager) towards a longer article / publication. The research studies roles, strategies, and networks of middlemen in two areas of Northern Thailand with distinct tilapia culture practices and market organization. In times of climate-related stresses, middlemen draw on networks of relations to maintain supply and stabilize prices. The quality of relationships among middlemen had a significant bearing on both fish farmers and market structure. Middlemen are categorized into organizations, field agents, and private traders. Middlemen attempt to manage fish supply by monitoring production volumes, planning and manipulating harvest schedules, and observing markets.
Autor(es) : Kampa, Tanyawat, Potapohn, Manoj, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Modeling the effects of weather and climate on thermal stratification and the risks of low dissolved oxygen episodes in aquaculture ponds
As dissolved oxygen (DO) plays a crucial role in aquaculture ponds, the study investigates the impacts of climate change on the risks of low dissolved oxygen concentration episodes in aquaculture ponds managed with different levels of nutrient inputs. A simulation model was developed and used to assess the effects of weather and climate on temperature stratification and consequent DO dynamics. The model could accurately predict trends of thermal and oxygen dynamics in fish ponds with different culture systems over a 24-hour cycle under most conditions.
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Lebel, Boripat, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Peri-urban Farmers’ Vulnerabilities under Water Uncertainty in the Upper North Thailand
This is a one page abstract towards a larger article submission. The research investigates how different farmers become vulnerable to climate change factors such as higher surface temperature; 100-year trend of declining low river flows; floods; and anomalies in monsoonal rainfall and tropical storms. Using the concept of vulnerability in social-ecological systems as defined by place, entitlements failure, and marginality, the research is conducted in four peri-urban communities in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Kamphaengphet provinces. Results show that although climate variability poses risks to farmers, water management in terms of quantity and quality intensifies such risks.
Autor(es) : Ganjanapan, Santita
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Impacts of Fish Farming Household Burdens on Mobility Decisions and Vulnerability to Climate-related and Socio-economic Risks
The research indicates most households have had at least one member out-migrating and seeking job opportunities beyond their community. The expectation is that this mobility will help meet daily living needs, build long-term foundations for life, and provide money for fish farming and other farm or non-farm activities. Mobility is potentially important for building resilience, and to adapt to climate-related and socio-economic risks. Findings show that household burdens and mobility decisions interact to influence vulnerabilities and adaptation capability of fish cage farming households. This is an incomplete draft submission (one-pager) towards a longer article / publication.
Autor(es) : Sin-ampol, Phaothai
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Off-flavor characterization in high nutrient load tilapia ponds in northern Thailand
These findings are an important step towards the prediction, control and management of the off-flavor problem in tilapia culture in high-nutrient load ponds. The aim was to determine the levels of odorous compounds (geosmin or 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) that potentially cause off-flavor problems in fish reared in integrated, high-nutrient-load ponds in northern Thailand. Without proper management of fish and animal numbers, as well as good water exchange, water quality can deteriorate and result in eutrophication which promotes cyanobacterial blooms that can harmfully affect water quality and produce odorous compounds. The paper details observations of Chlorophylla and Cyanobacterial abundance.
Autor(es) : Pimolrat, Pornpimol, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Itayama, Tomoaki, Lebel, Louis
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Effects of season and elevation on chlorophyll and phytoplankton composition in Tilapia ponds in Northern Thailand [Thai language]
Autor(es) : Kunlasak, Kornkanok
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Manufacturing fish feed using household materials
Part of the larger project AQUADAPT: Inland Aquaculture and Adaptation to Climate Change in Northern Thailand, this presentation material depicts recipes for preparing fish feed using common household materials such as rice, rice bran, household food waste, and cassava for example.
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti
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Role of social capital in climate adaptation of fish-pond farmers in northern region of Thailand
This in-depth study explores (1) the vulnerability of fish farming households to climate-related and socio-economic risks (2) their adaptive capacities in coping with risks, and (3) the role of social capital. It argues that kinship and community are constructed through bridging capital in fish farmer cooperatives and groups. In this way, social capital is mobilized through trust, exchange, regulation and collective action. Large operators can invest in high quality inputs such as fingerlings, feeds and more advanced technologies and are better able to prevent stress to fish and productivity. Smaller operators with less resources must rely on poor quality water in the canals resulting in low fish production.
Autor(es) : Kengkaj, Weerakan
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Hatchery management in a seasonal and variable climate
Autor(es) : Uppanunchai, Anuwat
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Climate sensitivity of Tilapia culture in earthen ponds in northern Thailand
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai
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Farming households' vulnerabilities and adaptation to weather and water variabilities
Autor(es) : Ganjanapan, Santita
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A survey of climate-related risks to rearing fish in ponds
The results of this study show that climate phenomena, such as floods, droughts, consecutive days of clouded skies, extreme hot and cold weathers, effect Tilapia rearing in earthen ponds differently, depending on where the pond is situated above sea level, and the system of rearing that is implemented. Therefore, this implies that the approach to managing the rearing of Tilapia in ponds, needs to be adjusted accordingly, on a case by case scenario.
Autor(es) : Pimolrat, Pornpimol
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Survey of climate-related risk on tilapia culture in earthen pond [Thai language]
Autor(es) : Aquaculture Climate Change Project (AQUADAPT)
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Mobility of fish cage farmers as a response to climate-related and socio-economic risks
Most households in upstream and downstream villages are affected by moderate to high risks, while midstream villages encounter moderate-low risks. Data was collected in the summer period, the first rainy peak, second rainy peak and winter of 2013-2014 from 42 fish cage farming households from four villages in upstream, midstream, and downstream sections. The thesis studies mobility as an adaptation to risk in the Ping River Basin, Thailand. Climate-related risks, especially drought, were affected by irregular low level of water storage and runoff, extreme events in rainfall amount and temperatures from regional to local level, as well as cage location.
Autor(es) : Sin-ampol, Phaothai
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Climate risk management in Tilapia cage culture in northern Thailand
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan
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Climate change and aquaculture in northern Thailand: an assessment of risks and adaptation options [Thai language]
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis, Chitmanat, Chanagun
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Impacts of Climate and Season on Water Quality in Aquaculture Ponds
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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The effects of warning information about flow conditions on the performance of river cage aquaculture in the Nan River, Northern Thailand
This is an incomplete draft submission (one-pager) towards a longer article / publication. The study looks at the reliability of information fish farmers receive, how they respond to it with actions to reduce risks of losses, and the impacts of taking action on warnings, for farm performance. Data was collected from 303 fish farms.
Autor(es) : Pastpipatkul, Pathairat, Pratumvan, Pawassada, Potapohn, Manoj, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Climate change and tilapia production in earthen pond [Thai language]
Autor(es) :
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The resilience to climate-related risks of alternative aquaculture systems
This is a lone one-pager draft for a longer paper to be published, about lesser-known methods of aquaculture, including: organic aquaculture, fish-prawn polyculture, ecologically-friendly, and cage-in-pond culture, which may improve sustainability and resilience to climate-related risks of freshwater fish aquaculture in Thailand.
Autor(es) : Chitmanat, Chanagun, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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The effect of temperature on the circulation of water in fish rearing ponds
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai
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Risk Management Practices
All farmers know that farming fish involves risks. Reducing and properly managing risks are very important to profits and sustainability. This note summarizes what the AQUADAPT project has learnt from experienced farmers, officials and researchers about effective ways to manage climate-related risks in river-based cage aquaculture.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis
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Tilapia diseases
Tilapia immune responses and the rates of pathogen replication are usually correlated with water temperature. A number of endemic diseases of tilapia (e.g. streptococcosis and columnaris) will thus likely become more prevalent and difficult to control as water temperature increases. Extreme weather events (e.g. flash floods) are also likely to change the freshwater environment adversely for fish, increasing their susceptibility to diseases.
Autor(es) : Chitmanat, Chanagun
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Effects of temperature upon water turnover in fish ponds in Northern Thailand
Fish culture in earthen ponds is an important source of income for farmers in northern Thailand. Water quality in ponds has strong impacts on fish production farmers’ return and is sensitive to weather and climate. Low levels of dissolved oxygen in fish ponds are major cause of mass mortality. Stratification with depth in ponds followed by rapid turnover or exchange of surface and bottom water can expose fish to dangerously low dissolved oxygen levels. The main purpose of this study was to observe the effects of weather on stratification and subsequent water turnover in fish ponds in northern Thailand, especially in the winter and rainy season, when stratification was expected to be most severe. Temperature and water quality measurements were made in fish ponds at 18 farms with depths ranged from 0.8 - 2.0 m and size of 0.16 - 0.64 ha. Measurements were made during January and May 2013. Fish farm pond sites were divided into two groups based on elevation above sea level: low (<400 masl) and high (>400 masl) and categorized into 3 types of farm-ing: commercial, integrated and subsistence. In lower elevation sites, water turnover occurred at night between 22.00 and 02.00 in winter and between 18.00 and 02.00 in rainy season. At higher elevation, turnover occurred in ponds be-tween 20.00 and 22.00 in winter and between 14.00 and 18.00 in rainy season. Turnover was slower in the lower eleva-tion than in higher elevation zones and generally occurred earlier during the rainy season than in the winter. Mean DO in winter was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in rainy season, whilst water temperature and amount of ammo-nia-nitrogen during the rainy season was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in winter. Turnover improves distribution of dissolved oxygen through the water column and minimizes organic matter accumulation. Cloud cover during the rainy season may have contributed to limit oxygen production and thus may have significantly affect water quality in ponds. Fish farmers should consider more explicitly the role of temperature and cloud conditions when managing dis-solved oxygen levels in their fish ponds. Therefore, efficient pond aeration or pond mixing strategies for reducing strati-fication still plays an important component for providing sound pond management in tilapia production ponds.
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Whangchai, Niwooti, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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Tilapia diseases and management in river-based cage aquaculture in Northern Thailand
The purpose of this study was to assess farmers’ perceptions of fish diseases and their management practices. A total of 662 farmers who rear tilapia in river-based cages in Northern Thailand, were interviewed. Knowledge and perception of farmers on disease constraints and their control measures were assessed through individual interviews. Most farms (84%) had faced disease problems in the last two years. Protrusion eyes or exophthalmia ranked higher than other clinical signs. Most farmers noticed that the risk of disease problems was similar every month; however, the worst month was April. Most (95%) believed that fish diseases were caused by bacterial pathogens. Most farmers (96%) removed infected and dead fish to control diseases. As disease prevention through good management is better than treatment, farmers and fish disease experts could use these research findings as a tool to work together to develop better control strategies.
Autor(es) : Chitmanat, Chanagun, Lebel, Phimphakan, Whangchai, Niwooti, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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Relationships of dissolved oxygen with chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton composition in tilapia ponds
This study investigated the relationships among the parameters of dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton composition in tilapia ponds. Each pond (a total of 18 ponds) was sampled once in the dry, winter season between Jan-uary and March and again early in the rainy season between May and June. The data were analyzed by examining cor-relations among parameters as affected by season, altitude and culture system. Observations were made at sites located in 5 selected provinces of northern Thailand: Chiangrai, Chiangmai, Phayao, Lampang and Nakornsawan. Mean eleva-tion of these areas range from 25 to 582 meters above sea level (masl) and were categorized into low (<400 masl) and high (>400 masl) elevation sites. Ponds were 0.8 - 2.0 m deep, 0.16 - 0.64 ha in area and could be further categorized into high and low input systems.Mean air temperature in winter ranged between 16.5˚C - 35.8˚C while mean water temperature ranged between 25.5˚C - 27.1˚C. In rainy season, air temperature ranged between 22.0˚C - 37.3˚C and wa-ter temperature ranged between 29.4˚C - 31.8˚C. The amount of chlorophyll-a in both seasons were comparable (p > 0.05), but chlorophyll-a in high input system was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in low input ponds. Only weak correlation was found between chlorophyll-a, DOmax and DOmin. Multifactor-ANOVA was used to analyze the differ-ence of total bacteria and filamentous cyanobacteria in ponds based upon elevation, culture systems and season. Result shows that there is a significant interaction observed between elevation, culture system and season (p < 0.05). Species diversity and composition of phytoplankton in fish ponds in 2 seasons revealed the presence of 90 genera of phytop-lankton under all 7 divisions. Divisions Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta had the most number of genera identified in both seasons with Pediastrum spp., and Scendesmus spp., and Anabaena spp. as dominant genera/genus, respectively.
Autor(es) : Kunlasak, Kornkanok, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Whangchai, Niwooti, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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River-based cage aquaculture of tilapia in Northern Thailand : sustainability of rearing and business practices
Whereas most studies of cage culture have been carried out in ponds, lakes or reservoirs, cage-based aquaculture in rivers and other public water bodies raises issues of natural resource management that are closer to fisheries management than aquaculture in fish ponds on private land. This paper analyzes an emerging industry in the Upper Ping River in northern Thailand which helps serve the large and growing demand for farmed fish in Chiang Mai. Farmers appear to pay attention to environmental and market factors that pose risks to profitability of their operations, as good water quality means aquaculture can continue.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Promya, Jongkon, Chaibu, Prachaub, Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Lebel, Louis
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Risk aversion and emotions in the management of climate-related risks by fish farmers
This is a one-page draft towards an article drawing from a study that aims to understand attitudes and emotions around climate-related risks faced by fish cage farmers in northern Thailand. Findings show no significant difference in risk aversion with respect to gender, age or region. Farmers preferred making decisions in situations with known outcomes, but with sufficient capital they took more risks. Recently being impacted by floods or droughts, or being very concerned with climate change, was not associated with taking fewer risks. Using a simulation game, two standard measures of risk aversion did not predict risk taking behaviour.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Kallayanamitra, Chalisa, Duangsuwan, Chatta, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Climate risk management in river-based tilapia cage culture in northern Thailand
The purpose of this paper is to analyse how fish farmers manage climate-related risks and explore possible ways to strengthen risk management under current and future climate. In total, 662 fish farmers in sites across Northern Thailand were interviewed about risks to the profitability of their fish farms and ways such risks were managed. Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis was used to relate risk factors to management practices at farm and river levels. In total, 68 in-depth interviews with farmers and other stakeholders provided additional information on climate risk management practices. Farmers use a combination of adjustments to rearing practices, cropping calendars and financial and social measures to manage those risks, which they perceive as being manageable. Many risks are season, river and place specific; implying that the risk profiles of individual farms can vary substantially. Individual risks are often addressed through multiple practices and strategies; conversely, a particular management practice can have a bearing on several different risks. Farmers recognize that risks must be managed at farm and higher spatial and administrative scales. Social relations and information play critical roles in managing these complex combinations of risks. This is one of the first papers to report in detail on how inland fish farmers manage climate-related risks. It underlines the need to consider multiple spatial and temporal scales and that farmers do not manage individual climate-related risks in isolation from other risks.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphkan, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Lebel, Louis
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Gender and the management of climate-related risks in northern Thailand
This paper draws on a set of studies to critically explore the influences of gender on climate risk management by fish farming households in northern Thailand. Research on the roles of women in community-level water management and gendered social norms, suggests that it is often more challenging for women to reduce risks to their farms than for men. This is a draft (one-pager) submission towards a longer article.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Learning about climate-related risks: decisions of Northern Thailand fish farmers in a role-playing simulation game
The findings of this study underline the importance of understanding decision-making behaviour around risks for climate risk management in fish farming. The study aimed to improve how farmers make investment decisions in their fish farms when faced with risks from floods. The simulation game provided novel situations of experimental, role-playing, and decision-making, revealing limitations in common assumptions about the ease of learning from previous experiences. Findings also suggest that decision-support systems for aquaculture should take into account how recent experiences, understanding of information, and other factors influence risk perceptions and decisions.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Kallayanamitra, Chalisa, Duangsuwan, Chatta, Lebel, Louis
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Weighing Costs, Weathering Risks: Adaptive Strategies of Fish Farmers Facing Multiple Risks in Northern Thailand
When threats are related to common-pool resources beyond individual control, such as water scarcity, water pollution, and river bank collapse, farmers turn to collective strategies, which can come with social or transactional costs. Collective-action problems reveal emerging needs to develop and strengthen institutions for managing rivers and state-led irrigation systems as communal resources. This is a one-page draft towards a larger article that examines how fish-farming communities adapt to climate variability, market uncertainty and management intervention that have impacts on their livelihoods.
Autor(es) : Ganjanapan, Santita
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Musty/earthy off-flavor in aquatic animals: impact, causes, and solutions
Musty/earthy off-flavor in aquatic animals has been reported in aquatic organism worldwide. Although there is no negative effect on human health, it causes an unacceptable for consumer consumption. The purpose of this article is to review some of the available literature relating to musty/earthy off-flavor in aquatic animals. Geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are two major off-flavor compounds. These compounds are caused by metabolites produced by blue-green algae including Anabaena sp., Oscillatoria sp., Lyngbya sp., Symploca sp., Phormidium sp., and Aphanizomenon sp. and some bacteria such as Streptomyces. Fish with high fat content or raised in earthen ponds with enriched algae and bacteria mentioned earlier increase in risk of off-flavor problem. The influences of temperature, season, and climate change had been also discussed. Finally, the various practical methods for undesirable flavor were described. This information will be beneficial for fish farmers to control an off-flavor problem.
Autor(es) : Pimolrat, Pornpimol, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Lebel, Louis
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Climate change and aquaculture in northern Thailand: an assessment of risks and adaptation options
Fish farmers in Northern Thailand face significant risks from extreme weather events under current climate, which may become more frequent or severe in the future. This report synthesizes an evaluation with stakeholders of the risks posed by climate variability and change to aquaculture in Northern Thailand, and, the robustness of alternative adaptation options.
Autor(es) :
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Forming Social Capital for Climate-Related Adaptation of Fish Pond Farming in Northern Thailand
This is a draft submission (one-pager) towards a longer article studying social capital and its interaction with other factors that can enable collective action. Social capital is potentially important to adaptation in freshwater aquaculture as there is often a need for collective action. This paper explores how trust, social networks and institutions contribute to the social capital of fish pond farmers in the context of adaption to climate-related risks and socio-economic stresses in Northern Thailand. The individual behavior of large-scale fish farmers is significant: if they share knowledge from their wider external links, the whole community benefits.
Autor(es) : Kengkaj, Weerakan
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Perceptions of climate- related risks and awareness of climate change of fish cage farmers in northern Thailand
How climate risks are understood and perceived by farmers is important because it can influence their management practices. Farmers in Northern Thailand who rear fish in floating cages in rivers can cope with modest fluctuations in water levels, but appear vulnerable to more extreme changes in flow. This study used in-depth interviews and a quantitative survey across many sites to explore how fish farmers perceive climate-related risks and understand climate change. Important climate-related risks – such as floods and droughts – vary by season, year and location, and are modified by water infrastructure. Recent experience of negative impacts increases levels of concern about risks. Risks from droughts were perceived to have significantly worsened. The overall level of awareness of climate change among fish farmers is high, suggesting that future work should focus on building on from how farmers manage risks under the current climate, to then take into account climate change. This study shows that a good understanding of risk perception is likely to be important in improving climate risk management, and thus adaptation to climate change.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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Adaptation pathways for inland aquaculture in the tropics and subtropics
Most aquaculture systems are vulnerable to increases in water temperature, water scarcity, and their interactive effects on water quality, as well as extreme floods, storm surges and sea-level rise. This is a one-page draft towards a longer article reviewing what is known about the vulnerability of inland aquaculture systems to climate-related risks, and the efforts to manage those risks, while applying that knowledge to assess emerging adaptation pathways for aquaculture in the tropics and sub-tropics.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Sources of social capital in the networks of fish-pond farmers and their implications for adaptive capacity
This study examines how social networks among fish farming households contribute different forms of social capital, and how this in turn affects adaptive capacities. For instance, findings show that the stronger the bond with relatives and neighbors, the more likely the farmer is able to adapt and reduce his or her risks. Comparisons among fish farming cooperatives in different sites however, showed these organizations help enable less well positioned farmers to access the social capital that more often arises in family networks. This one-pager is a draft submission towards a longer article.
Autor(es) : Kengkaj, Weerakan
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Survey of climate-related risks to tilapia pond farms in Northern Thailand
Climate is an important factor for aquaculture production. This study aimed to understand how farmers that culture tila-pia in earthen ponds perceive and respond to climate impacts. Important climate-related risks identified include extreme temperatures (hot and cold), excessive rainfall, prolonged cloud cover, flood and drought. Site visits and data collection using questionnaires were conducted to identify important factors influencing farm profits, losses, decision to increase or decrease ponds. Special attention was given to knowledge about fish markets and weather and the impacts of weather and climate on fish growth, disease outbreaks and water quality in ponds. Altogether 585 fish farms in four provinces in northern part of Thailand selected to cover a range of elevations above sea level and thus climate were surveyed (Na-kornsawan < 100 m, Lampang 100 - 300 m, Phayao 300 - 500 m and Chiang Mai > 500 m). Fish farms at different ele-vations reported different climate and weather-related impacts. In the area where elevation above sea level is < 100 m, farmers were affected more by floods and extreme hot weather which caused fish deaths and stress that reduced feeding and growth rates. Conversely, fish farmers in the area where elevation above sea level is >500 were impacted mainly by drought and cold weather. These conditions also caused disease outbreaks and reduced feeding rates. Farmers respond-ed by reducing the amount of feed supplied and considering non-fish pond or non-farm supplementary occupations as an adaptation strategy. Among non-climate related factors high prices of feed were most commonly identified as a key issue by farmers. The differences among sites at higher and lower elevation provided insights into the kind of changes in risks farmers may face as climate changes that could be helpful in developing adaptation strategies for individual farmers and the sector as a whole.
Autor(es) : Pimolrat, Pornpimol, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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Improving climate risk management as an adaptation strategy in inland aquaculture in Northern Thailand
This article assesses the robustness of alternative, longer-term, adaptation strategies for inland aquaculture under a set of qualitative future scenarios of climate, water and fish demand in northern Thailand. Strengthening climate risk management practices in inland aquaculture requires attention be given to short-term reactions, mid-term tactics, and long-term strategies at household, community, and national scales. The benefits of pursuing specific long-term strategies like investing in new technologies or infrastructure, establishing insurance or improving early warning systems, is shown to vary across scenarios. The implication is that adaptation pathways in the aquaculture sector must maintain significant flexibility.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis, Lebel, Phimphakan, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Potapohn, Manoj, Uppanunchai, Anuwat, Apirumanekul, Chusit
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Relation of Light Intensity with Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll-a in Nile Tilapia Ponds
These research findings suggest that farmers who raise fish in intensive culture ponds should adopt appropriate strategies to maintain favorable levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) in order to reduce risk of production losses, for example from periods of prolonged cloud cover which block sunlight reducing photosynthesis by phytoplankton. When light intensity was high from the afternoon to late afternoon, DO in fish ponds increased as light on ponds increased. Chlorophyll-a varied significantly by season and culture system. Intensive culture ponds contained higher concentrations of chlorophyll-a and hence higher DO levels than extensive culture ponds.
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Whangchai, Niwooti, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Closing knowledge-action gaps in adaptation to climate change in the Asia-Pacific region
Major knowledge-action gaps remain with respect to adaptation to climate change in the Asia-Pacific. Knowledge- action gaps arise because knowledge is missing, inaccessible or unused. In this study initiatives to close knowledge- action gaps in developing and low-to-middle income countries of the Asia-Pacific region were reviewed. Specific attention was given to: who is involved in the design and implementation; the procedures and roles assigned to different actors; the presence of networks; and, efforts at coordination. Past initiatives to close gaps included promoting communication and education activities, convening reviews and assessments, funding research programmes, establishing coordination offices and supporting pilot community-based actions. Recurrent challenges were observed and related to the specific characteristics of climate change that make the communication and identification of strong incentives difficult and constraints in resources and capacities to carry out research and govern effectively. Four strategies for improving performance were identified.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis
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Impacts of climate change and water uses on availability of water for aquaculture in the Lower Nan Basin
This is an incomplete draft submission (one-pager) towards a longer article / publication, the object of which is to explore how changes in climate and water demand could potentially influence flows in the Nan River at different times of the year and thus the conditions under which cage aquaculture remains viable. The Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) system was used to analyze water balances and river discharges, for a set of water demand, allocation, dam operation rules (for the Sirikit Dam) and climate change scenarios.
Autor(es) : Apirumanekul, Chusit, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Climate risk and off-flavor occurrence in pond-raised Tilapia in northern Thailand
Autor(es) : Pimolrat, Pornpimol
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Aquaculture and Climate
This research focuses on Tilapia grown in farm ponds or floating cages in rivers and reservoirs in northern Thailand. The contribution of aquaculture to total fisheries production in Thailand rose from below 20% in 2000 to over 41% in 2010. Aquaculture production serves as an important source of employment and food security for rural residents. Understanding the impacts of climate change and the potential role of aquaculture in adaptation planning is improving, but still limited compared to many other agricultural activities. This project addresses how to improve the capacity of aquaculture to sustainably adapt to changing and uncertain climates.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Effects of water-flow rate and water quality on tilapia culture in the Mae Ping River, Thailand
Study results verified significant differences in temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity and water flow rate, between the rainy season and dry seasons. High flow (floods) in rivers caused by torrential rains can damage fish cages, and cause massive fish escapes and deaths. Water flow at the rate of 294.8 m3/s and 270 m3/s destroyed river cages. On the other hand, low flows (drought) can cause water stress resulting from low dissolved oxygen levels. This is a one-pager draft towards a larger article about flow rates and related factors which may influence the risks of mass mortality events in tilapia farming.
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Wanno, Suthida, Ramaraj, Rameshprabu, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Manufacturing fish feed using household materials
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti
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Lenguaje: Thai
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The Contributions of Different Patterns and Periods of Mobility in Sustaining Fish Cage Farming in the Ping River
This is a draft submission (one-pager) towards a longer article / publication that studies the contributions of labour mobility at different times in fish farming households in the face of climate-related and socio-economic risks and uncertainties. Mobility prior to commencing fish farming played a role in generating enough wealth to invest in new enterprises like fish farming. Mobility after commencing fish farming, although often less than in the pre-farming period, remains an important way to cope with extreme climate events, and in the longer-term to adapt to significant variability and uncertainties in river flow conditions, regulations and markets.
Autor(es) : Sin-ampol, Phaothai
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Effects of climate change on rearing Tilapia in earthen ponds
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti
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Lenguaje: Thai
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How local governments engage communities in climate change adaptation
This is a one page draft submission towards a larger article based on research and review of 47 case studies from the Asia Pacific region. It aims to understand how local governments engage their communities, and the capacities and contextual factors which influence these relationships. Collaboration between local governments and communities is potentially of great importance to the effectiveness and sustainability of local adaptation to climate change.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Louis, Krittasudthacheewa, Chayanis, Poplanich, Ornuma, Lebel, Phimphakan
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Effects of climate change on rearing Tilapia in earthen ponds
Part of the larger project AQUADAPT: Inland Aquaculture and Adaptation to Climate Change in Northern Thailand, this policy and practice brief provides climate and technical information on fish pond risks and adaptation due to weather conditions such as drought or excess rain. Farmers rearing large fish often have to contend with dying fish during seasonal transition periods. Practice guidelines help farmers minimize risks associated with the seasonal transition period.
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Mainstreaming climate change into inland aquaculture policies in Thailand
This analysis is based on content analysis of policy documents and in-depth interviews with officials who had roles in the design or implementation of government policies. Existing aquaculture policies have not yet taken into account climate change. This study explores climate related content, climate sensitivities, and the potential to incorporate climate change concerns into a set of inland aquaculture policies of the government of Thailand. This is a one-page draft towards a longer article.
Autor(es) : Uppanunchai, Anuwat, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Access to fish cage aquaculture in the Ping river, Northern Thailand
Aquaculture in rivers and other public water bodies raises issues of access and property rights. Over the past few years an industry has developed around the rearing of hybrid red and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in cages in the Ping River in northern Thailand. In this article we report on a study of how households gain access to river cage sites to farm fish. The findings are based on a case-control study of 400 households, half of which had a history of fish farming and half which did not. Additional information was gathered from qualitative in-depth interviews with 93 stakeholders. Households with good access to farming sites, financial capital, and social networks are more likely to farm fish. Proximity to the river front was a very important factor and operated at a micro-level within villages with river borders. Land and vehicle assets were also associated with fish farming—more so than monthly income levels—probably because they reflect access to credit. Social capital measured as belonging to various kinds of groups was also associated with fish farming, but may have been in part an outcome rather than a pre-requisite. Many fish farmers start through encouragement and invitations by firms or the fisheries department. Sites for cage aquaculture in rivers have characteristics somewhere between a private and a club good: those who don’t live near the river are usually excluded, but rivalry for sites among those who live close becomes an issue with congestion of farms arising from expansion in number of cages or other factors that reduce availability of suitable rearing sites like variability in climate, water flows, water quality, and government regulations.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Whangchai, Niwooti, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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Aeration techniques for fish ponds
Autor(es) : Whangchai, Niwooti
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Lenguaje: Thai
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Thermal tolerance and performance of key species and climate change adaptation options for inland aquaculture in Northern Thailand
Many fish species have adapted to long-term changes in temperature. This one-page draft represents a future article, which will review the literature on thermal tolerance, preferences, and performance, and further, will move to apply findings towards possible adaptation strategies for the most popular tilapia, carp and catfish species cultured in Northern Thailand.
Autor(es) : Sutthi, Nantaporn, Lebel, Phimphakan, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Planning for production of freshwater fish fry in a variable climate in northern Thailand
Provision of adequate numbers of quality fish fry is often a key constraint on aquaculture development. The management of climate-related risks in hatchery and nursery management operations has not received much attention, but is likely to be a key element of successful adaptation to climate change in the aquaculture sector. This study explored the sensitivities and vulnerability of freshwater fish fry production in 15 government hatcheries across Northern Thailand to climate variability and evaluated the robustness of the proposed adaptation measures. This study found that hatcheries have to consider several factors when planning production, including: taking into account farmer demand; production capacity of the hatchery; availability of water resources; local climate and other area factors; and, individual species requirements. Nile tilapia is the most commonly cultured species of freshwater fish. Most fry production is done in the wet season, as cold spells and drought conditions disrupt hatchery production and reduce fish farm demand in the dry season. In the wet season, some hatcheries are impacted by floods. Using a set of scenarios to capture major uncertainties and variability in climate, this study suggests a couple of strategies that should help make hatchery operations more climate change resilient, in particular: improving hatchery operations and management to deal better with risks under current climate variability; improving monitoring and information systems so that emerging climate-related risks are known sooner and understood better; and, research and development on alternative species, breeding programs, improving water management and other features of hatchery operations.
Autor(es) : Uppanunchai, Anuwat, Apirumanekul, Chusit, Lebel, Louis
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A survey of climate-related risks to rearing fish in ponds
Autor(es) : Pimolrat, Pornpimol
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Lenguaje: Thai
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Climate-related risks to cage aquaculture in the reservoirs of Northern Thailand
Extreme or unusual weather is suspected to be a factor in mass mortality events of fish cage aquaculture in reservoirs. The most important climate-related risk was drought or low water levels, which also contributes the largest financial impact. Other climate-related risks perceived as important included: over-turning of stratified cooler and anoxic bottom water layers; prolonged cloud cover; sharp changes in temperature; heat waves; and cold spells. Risks are primarily managed at the farm level with techniques such as aeration, and reducing feed during stressful periods. This is a one-page draft for a larger article.
Autor(es) : Lebel, Phimphakan, Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Duangsuwan, Chatta, Lebel, Louis
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Effect of Water De-stratification on Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonia in Tilapia Ponds in Northern Thailand
For Nile tilapia cultured in earthen ponds in Thailand, mortality from disease outbreak frequently occurs when dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are low and ammonia concentrations are high. Repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that water depth and fish culture systems have significant effects on total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). TAN concentrations near the surface were lower than at the bottom, and increased after water de-stratification. TAN in the integrated culture system was significantly higher than in commercial and subsistence systems. Effects of de-stratification on pond water quality provided by this study are useful towards improved pond management practices and monitoring DO thresholds.
Autor(es) : Sriyasak, Patcharawalai, Chitmanat, Chanagun, Whangchai, Niwooti, Promya, Jongkon, Lebel, Louis
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Farming households' vulnerabilities and adaptation to weather and water variabilities
Almost all farmer households produce in both fish farm and non-farm sectors. Farms can be grouped by size according to areas of ponds or number of cages, as well as area of land used or numbers of livestock and poultry. The vulnerabilities of those farming fish, rice, upland crops and orchards are aggravated by weather and water variabilities including droughts, delayed rainy season, overcast sky, localised and uneven precipitation, floods, fast flows and water pollution. Large-scale households have more adaptive capacities than smaller-scale households. The research team studied 137 farming households, including fish farmers and crop-and-livestock farmers, from 7 villages.
Autor(es) : Ganjanapan, Santita
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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Fish Farmers’ Utilization of Social Networks in Adapting to Drought and Water Pollution in Upper Northern Thailand
Findings revealed that previously rare water scarcity and conflict worsened in 2013 and 2014 due to decline in local irrigation management; variability in climate; increased water demands; and lack of collective action among water users in maintaining the irrigation system. Fish farmers use social networks to access water in situations where water management institutions do not function properly, or ignore their interests. This draft (one-pager) for a longer paper focuses on social networks of fish farmers, fish farmer cooperatives, and Royal Irrigation Department officials, and how they operate during times of drought and poor water quality.
Autor(es) : Kengkaj, Weerakan
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Lenguaje: Inglés
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![Risk management practices [Thai language]](/sites/default/files/styles/default_image_large/public/publication-preview/IDL-53434-1_11.jpg?itok=K1nT36Pk)
![Effects of season and elevation on chlorophyll and phytoplankton composition in Tilapia ponds in Northern Thailand [Thai language]](/sites/default/files/styles/default_image_large/public/publication-preview/IDL-56261-001_11.jpg?itok=5Q5hFIye)
![Climate change and aquaculture in northern Thailand: an assessment of risks and adaptation options [Thai language]](/sites/default/files/styles/default_image_large/public/publication-preview/IDL-55970-01_11.jpg?itok=Cz9VqrbV)
