The Development Challenge: Improve access to medical information
In Uganda, as in other African countries, doctors and healthcare workers often don’t have access to the current health and medical information they need to effectively treat patients. This has been particularly true for heath professionals working in remote rural locations without electricity or access to fixed-line telephones. It can be challenging for them to gain access to updated treatment guidelines for diseases such as HIV/AIDS, or country-specific essential drug lists. It can also take months before epidemiological surveys, done on paper, are input into a computer in the capital city of Kampala. This limits how quickly the healthcare system can respond to disease outbreaks. The nongovernmental organization SATELLIFE thought that PDAs could bring the power of a computer into areas without electricity — particularly if the PDAs had wireless connectivity.
The Idea: Harness wireless technology
Local Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular networks have become well-established in Uganda. In fact, national teledensity has increased by 350% since the first network went live in early 1995. So, while many rural villages lack power, they do have cellular coverage. SATELLIFE and Uganda Chartered HealthNet (UCH) wanted to capitalize on this dramatic new development by piloting an affordable, durable approach to two-way electronic communication that would make use of the GSM telephone network.
The Research: Testing a new health network
PDAs were used to send and receive information and data via “Jacks,” relay devices created by WideRay, Inc. of California. The Jacks are battery-operated units that contain a GSM cellular transceiver and a data cache; each Jack can support up to 1 000 handheld units. The Jack communicates with a server located at UCH headquarters in Kampala by making cellular phone calls, and with the handheld units via their infrared beam. When users “beam” to the Jack, information is uploaded and downloaded. Twenty Jacks were installed at strategic locations in two pilot districts, Mbale and Rakai. Healthcare workers used the Jacks to download information, such as medication alerts or guidelines, as well as to upload information, such as survey results or email consultations with other healthcare workers.
PDAs were also loaded with information that is usually found only in medical reference libraries so that physicians in remote areas could diagnose illnesses, determine treatment, and prescribe medication. SATELLIFE and UCH deployed 200 Palm m130 handheld computers with the necessary accessories and ancillary equipment. Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) supported the pilot project, which ran from 2003 to 2004, with a contribution of CA$962 731. A second phase of research, also supported by IDRC, is ongoing and some 150 additional PDAs have since been dispatched.
On the Ground: Trial and error point to improved approaches
Jacks were installed in healthcare facilities in the Rakai and Mbale health districts. Research revealed several problems with the original model, including dropped calls and unnecessarily long connection times. This led to the development of an improved model, the WideRay SP320 Jack, which eliminated most of the problems associated with the previous model.
The lack of electricity to charge PDAs proved a major challenge in several healthcare facilities. This problem was solved by introducing solar chargers.